Corrections

A correction may be issued when an error or omission is identified in a published article and the error does not invalidate the overall findings or conclusions of the research. Corrections may involve factual inaccuracies, typographical errors that affect meaning, incorrect author information, affiliations, references, tables, figures, or other content requiring clarification.

Authors who identify a significant error in their published work must promptly notify the editorial team of EDUCASIA and cooperate in the correction process. Readers, reviewers, or other parties who identify potential errors may also report them to the editor with supporting evidence. The editorial team will evaluate the reported issue and determine whether a correction notice is necessary. Any correction notice will clearly identify the affected article, describe the error, provide the corrected information, and be linked to the original publication to maintain transparency.

Retractions

A retraction may be issued when a published article contains serious problems that undermine the reliability of its findings, conclusions, or ethical integrity. Retraction is intended to correct the scholarly record rather than to punish authors. The editorial team will consider retraction when there is credible evidence of circumstances such as:

• Significant errors or unreliable findings resulting from data miscalculation, fabrication, falsification, or other serious methodological problems.

• Plagiarism or substantial duplication of previously published work without appropriate acknowledgment or justification.

• Duplicate publication or unauthorized reuse of data, materials, or research findings.

• Serious violations of research ethics, including the absence of required ethical approval or violations of participants' rights.

• Manipulation or compromise of the peer-review or publication process.

• Undisclosed conflicts of interest that substantially affect the interpretation or credibility of the research.

The decision to retract an article will be made by the editor after an appropriate assessment of the available evidence and, where necessary, consultation with the authors, independent experts, or relevant institutions.